Business Forecasting Free Essay Example, 2250 words

The existence of outliers in the series or incorrect specification in a more complicated model are signified if the forecasts generated under complicated models are less accurate than those under an ARIMA model. No matter what methodology is eventually adopted, effective auto ARIMA modelling capability displays an important role in forecasting (Sowell, 1992). The AR operators are normally placed on the left hand side of the model in almost all time series books using ARIMA models. When a constant term is present in the model, the model expression makes it hard to supply an interpretable meaning. Therefore, it is more advantageous to place the AR operators on the right hand side of the model to make it easy to obtain an interpretable meaning (Brooks, 2008). Aspects of the Model Stationarity of the AR process In the case where previous values of the error term would contain a non-decreasing effect on the current value of the dependent variable, this will suggest that the AR model is not motionless. It would also mean that since the lag length is increasing, the coefficients on the MA process would not turn to a zero. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Forecasting or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The coefficients on the corresponding MA process decrease with lag length resulting in zero, an AR model would be stationary (Barndorff†Nielsen, 2002). AR Process The roots of the distinguishing equation lies outside the unit circle which is greater than 1 is a test for stationarity in an AR model (with p lags), the equation would be (Brooks, 2008): Unit Root One needs to describe as testing for a â€Å"unit root† as it is needed for testing for stationarity for any variable since this is based on this same idea. AR (1) model is the most basic AR model such as the Dickey-Fuller test, on which almost all the tests for stationarity are subjected to. The characteristic equation for unit root test is as follows (Gujarati, 2012) The characteristic equation of (1-z) = 0 along the AR (1) model suggests that the root of z is equal to 1. Rather than outside it, it lies on the unit circle hence one can conclude that this is non-stationary. The potential number of roots increases with the increase in the lags of the AR model. Therefore in case of two lags, the quadratic equation producing 2 roots will be available, and they both need to lie outside the unit circle for the model to be stationary (Brooks, 2008). For an AR(1) process with a constant (ÃŽ ¼) of the unconditional mean, is denoted by (Brooks, 2008): Excluding the constant, variance for an unconditional AR process of order 1 will be (Brooks, 2008): Box-Jenkins Methodology Based on the PACF and ACF as a means of determining the lag lengths of the ARIMA model and the stationarity of the variable in question, this is a method for estimating ARIMA models.

Assignment 2 Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, and...

Should regulations regarding payment to college athletes be changed? Assignment 2: Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, and Plan Christopher Burch Strayer University ENG 215 Research Writing April 9, 2013 Prof. R Eackloff Abstract None Required Should regulations regarding payment to college athletes be changed? I have selected the persuasive writing genre to investigate the question Should regulations regarding payment to college athletes be changed? for two reasons. The first reason is that this issue is very complex, and this paper is geared to focus in on answering a set narrow, objective questions to get to heart of the issue so the average person can have a factual view of this issue. The persuasive†¦show more content†¦Many head coaches, specifically mens basketball, football, and womens basketball, earn salaries well above $100,000 annually. Total compensation packages including endorsement contracts often exceed $1 million for coaches at top programs. It has been widely reported at least 10 head football coaches have total compensation packages worth over $1 million per season and expected that number to increase each season. Just one example of how lucrative endorsement contracts have become in intercollegiate athletics is Rick Pitino, then head basketball coach at the Un iversity of Kentucky, receiving $300,000 per year that his team wore Adidas brand basketball shoes. The bottom line is that the athletes who make these colleges and universities wealthy dont share any of the money they help raise Heading for Section 1 of Your Paper (Must be bold!) [Cover the first main topic of you paper in this section.] Heading for Section 2 of Your Paper (Must be bold!) [Cover the second main topic of your paper in this section.] Heading for Section 3 of Your Paper (Must be bold!) 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Definition and Examples of Context Clues

In reading  and listening, a context clue is a form of information (such as a definition, synonym, antonym, or example) that appears near a word or phrase and offers direct or indirect suggestions about its meaning. Context clues are more commonly found in nonfiction texts than in fiction, although they are sometimes found in childrens literature, often with the goal of building readers vocabulary. Words can have multiple meanings, so being able to infer the correct definition from context is a valuable reading comprehension skill. Types of Context Clues One way to learn new words is through the context of the words around them. We infer the meaning of these words from whats going on or what has already been established in the text. Clues for deciphering a words meaning can be rendered in the form of anything from a subtle hint to a straight-out explanation, definition, or illustration.  Context clues can also take the form of synonyms, antonyms, word-structure clues, comparisons (such as metaphors and similes), and contrasts. For example: Synonym context clues offer words nearby with the same meaning: Synonym: The annual bazaar is scheduled for the last day of school. Its always a fun festival.Synonym:  That charlatan! he cried. That absolute fake! Antonym context clues offer nearby words with opposite meanings. Antonym: You look pretty content about it, not like youre all bent out of shape at all, he noted.Antonym:  No, no, that didnt literally happen, she said. I was  speaking figuratively. Definition context clues just spell out the meaning in a straightforward manner: Definition: In Britain, they call the trunk of a car the boot.Definition: The lingerie department, she directed the confused customer, is where youll find the bras and panties.   An explanation or illustration can also show the context of the word: Explanation:  She looked at the  random collection  that had been thrown in the packing box at the last minute—from toothpaste and razors to spatulas and sticky notes. Well, thats quite a  melange, isnt it? she remarked.Explanation:  No, no, thats just a  crane fly, not a  gigantic mosquito, he explained. Word-structure clues are understood in two ways: a reader or listener understands a base word and a prefix (or suffix) and infers the meaning from the combination of the two, or the reader knows a word origin and upon hearing a word of similar origin, infers its meaning. For instance, if you know that anti- means against, its easy to infer the meaning of the word anti-establishment. Word-structure: The anti-establishment protesters picketed the town hall. Likewise, if youre aware that a memorial is something in remembrance for a person who has died, you might readily intuit the meaning of the following sentence, even if youd never previously heard the term in memoriam. Word-structure: The book was dedicated in memoriam of his father. Comparison context clues show the meaning of a word through similarities to other items or elements, similies or metaphors: Comparison: He looked absolutely  flummoxed, like a toddler staring down at his feet on the floor who just isnt sure about this whole walking thing.Comparison:  No, she said, Im as carefree about it as a bird floating among the clouds. Contrast context clues show meaning through dissimilar elements: Contrast:  It isnt exactly the melee that I expected from your description, he said. The kids are just roughhousing a little. I expected them to be bruised and bleeding.Contrast: I know she said she could  reconstitute  the dried fruit, but a soggy raisin just isnt a grape. Limitations of Context Clues In The Vocabulary Book: Learning and Instruction, author Michael Graves writes: All in all, the descriptive research on learning from context shows that context can produce learning of word meanings and that although the probability of learning a word from a single occurrence is low, the probability of learning a word from context increases substantially with additional occurrences of the word. That is how we typically learn from context. We learn a little from the first encounter with a word and then more and more about a words meaning as we meet it in new and different contexts. Learning new words from context alone does have its limitations, as this method is not always definitive. Often, context may give a reader a general idea of a word, but not a full meaning. If the sentences in which an unknown word appears dont clearly spell out its meaning, that meaning may be lost. For long-term retention, readers need to see a word multiple times. The more often an inferred definition is included, the more likely the reader will retain and understand a new word. Sources Graves, Michael F. The Vocabulary Book: Learning and Instruction. Teachers College Press, 2006

Prescription Drug Abuse Essay - 1860 Words

Katelyn Valdovinos English 12 Acevedo 9 November 2017 Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic Does one know about the prescription drug abuse epidemic our country is currently facing? Prescription drug abuse doesn’t discriminate, as it affects people of all ages, races, genders, and socioeconomic status. So what is causing this Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic? A prescription drug also known as a pharmaceutical drug is used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Prescription Drug Abuse is known for being commonly recognized in developing nations, due to regulations and availability of the drugs. An article in the December 2008 issue of the International Journal of Drug Policy, Drugs and Development: The Global Impact of Drug Use and†¦show more content†¦Pharmaceutical companies are all over this world, constantly showing how corrupt the industry is becoming and creating new data, and new advertisements, but what are these new pieces of data and advertisements? What are they saying? Prescription drug abuse has become a major health epidemic because of th e increase use of prescribed drugs on college campuses, pharmaceutical companies misleading doctors and patients, and illegal trafficking. The misuse of prescription drugs among college students has become an important public health concern over the past years due to increases in its’ widespread presence since the mid 1990s. In the article â€Å"A Rising Epidemic on College Campuses: Prescription Drug Abuse,† Clinton’s editorial team mentions that the epidemic has now spread to college campuses because students are being exposed to these drugs, using them for a variety of reasons. Xanax and Adderall are specifically the main drugs being used on these campuses. Xanax is a pill that treats anxiety and panic disorder, and Adderall is used to treat ADHD and make studying easier. A Miami student himself spoke upon his experiences with drugs on campus, â€Å" I tried to study and put my all into this, but I surrendered andShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageshard transition in his life from the elementary levels of school to high school. Along the way, he started hangi ng out with the wrong crowd and doing all sorts of drugs like smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. In his senior year he realized he wanted to do something different with his life and he joined the boxing team and quit drugs, but one Saturday night that all ended. David was offered a patch that was supposed to make him feel an extremely good feeling. He didnt know what was in the patchRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse Research Paper According to results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an estimated 2.4 million Americans used prescription drugs non medically for the first time within the past year. This statistic averages to approximately 6,600 new people per day who are taking prescription drugs that were not prescribed to them, or are not needed to treat a serious condition anymore. More than one-half of the 2.4 million people taking prescription drugsRead MoreEssay on Prescription Drug Abuse1318 Words   |  6 Pages Prescription drug abuse has become increasingly prevalent among teens in the county. There has been an increase in the abuse of prescription drugs for a number of reasons. Some individuals who misuse prescription drugs believe they are safer than other illicit drugs because they are prescribed by a healthcare professional and dispensed by a pharmacist. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has classified this prescription drug abuse as an epidemic. More a nd more teens are becoming addictedRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesPrescription drug abuse has become an epidemic in the United States especially among the youth of our country. The Partnership for a Drug Free America says that 2,500 teens a day abuse prescription drugs. Abuse of these narcotics can lead to serious mental and physical consequences. Why is this such a problem, what can we do to solve it, and how is it affecting our social lives? First we must explore what prescription drugs are being abused. 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A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score.’ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead More Prescription Drug Abuse in America Essay1800 Words   |  8 Pageswith people, ages 12 and older, taking prescription pills without being prescribed them. (NSDUH) Many teens and adults can recall a friend asking them for their prescription pills or have witnessed someone taking these pills illegally. Throughout my life, there are many instances that I can recall from memory that deal with prescription pills and these instance changed or altered my life. People tend to think that prescription pi lls are safer than street drugs because they are made for people to takeRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse in Teenagers Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse in Teenagers Christina King COM 220 May 19, 2010 Rosario Rivera-Reyes Although prescription drugs are not harmful if used correctly, prescription drug abuse is high in teenagers. Most parents would never think their teenagers are helping themselvesRead MoreEssay about Abuse of Prescription Drugs2259 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of abuse of prescription drugs is using a medication in a manner other than prescribed, by a person who it was not prescribed for, to obtain a particular experience. Many people, but especially teenagers and young adults, have turned to abusing prescription medication. 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Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(117) " the Humanistic disciplines Council produced an extended papers sing art for wellness, which included mental health\." Most practicians rely on traditional methods ( antidepressants, CBT and reding ) to pull off mental wellness upsets and merely a minority have an consciousness, understanding or credence of the usage of art as a possible intercession. Critics of ‘art for mental wellness ‘ highlight the wealth of anecdotal and subjective grounds sing wellbeing and self-esteem betterments and the deficiency of quantitative, randomised controlled informations. While the exact mechanism/s of ‘healing ‘ or wellness betterment is a topic for argument, surveies have shown quantitative wellness betterments through art engagement ( shorter infirmary corsets, reduced depression symptoms ) 1,2 These benefits have been recognised and encouraged by many authorities documents, enterprises and reappraisals. We will write a custom essay sample on Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In recent old ages, nevertheless, their stated visions and hereafter purposes have produced small direct action and the exact function of art within the boundaries of modern medical specialty is ill defined. Personal aim To see my ain prepossessions of utilizing art as a direction scheme in mental wellness and to reflect on how my position has changed as a effect of a literature reappraisal and active engagement. Preconceptions To measure my ain acquisition and development, it seems appropriate to document my preconceived thoughts sing the engagement of art as a intervention for psychological conditions. Previous experience as an antidepressant representative for a pharmaceutical company taught me that art psychotherapeutics is a utile adjunct to medicines in ‘moderate ‘ disease and a utile standalone therapy for ‘mild ‘ depression and anxiousness. As a medical pupil, I instinctively grouped art-based therapy together with ‘alternative therapy ‘ and mentally stereotypic categories to doing clayware and picture flowers. While many of my co-workers view all alternate therapies as a ‘waste of resources ‘ or ‘placebo at best ‘ , I have ever kept an unfastened head, believing art likely can assist certain patients. On contemplation, my premise is based upon my theory of causing ; industrialization and consumerism has created an environment, which for many of us is non contributing to mental well-being. From an evolutionary position we are societal animals, designed to be physically active, necessitating regular societal battle and submergence within the ‘natural ‘ environment. This provides creativeness, security, pleasance and support. Today, our inert and frequently stray concrete environment replacement ‘s creativeness for multimedia input. For many, particularly those with any susceptibleness, this being allows psychological jobs to boom. Through take parting in originative activities, I believe that certain societal, environmental and cognitive demands are met. For some, the societal and synergistic facets of art therapy might let the look of suppressed feelings, doing this a signifier of indirect guidance. While my theory might be deemed nonsensical to some, or intuitive to others, the inquiry arises ; should this be funded on the NHS? While art intercessions will offer benefits to some, as a pupil of evidence-based pattern, I need converting. By its really nature, nevertheless, I expect to happen an inordinate sum of literature on instance surveies and descriptions of ‘improve-wellbeing ‘ . I am cognizant that GPs have been able to order art for a figure of old ages, doing me optimistic that robust quantitative grounds and cost-effectiveness analysis exists. By carry oning a literature reappraisal and attention categories myself, I hope to go better informed, to acquire a clearer thought of what art intercession can offer. It would besides be good to reason whether in this clip of fiscal load, the grounds supports the usage of art for mental wellness on the NHS. Literature reappraisal The grounds for utilizing art to handle mental wellness day of the months back to the 1940 ‘s. Improved communicating was observed between psychopathology inmates and creative persons, the birth of art psychotherapeutics. Since so the literature contains a wealth of anecdotal benefits back uping humanistic disciplines engagement for mental wellness patients. There is a distinguishable deficiency, nevertheless, of unequivocal decisions or systematic reappraisals. This is highlighted by the first ‘art on prescription ‘ strategy ( 1991 ) , where Stockport GPs prescribed art based therapies to their mental wellness patients. Unfortunately quantitative informations collected was limited to a general wellness questionnaire, which merely noted a 5-point betterment in overall wellness over 15-weeks ( n=33 ) .3 In 2000, the Health Development Agency ( HDA ) reviewed the grounds of wellness benefits offered through community-based humanistic disciplines undertakings, included mental wellness projects.4 They concluded that although there was sufficient, albeit anecdotal, grounds for betterments in patient well-being and self-pride ; ‘Evaluation harmonizing to wellness standards is infrequent ‘ . ‘It is impossible to give precise inside informations of improved wellness, peculiarly in the visible radiation of the fact that so few undertakings straight provide information on wellness, or societal affairs related to wellness, which are based on formal instruments of measuring ‘ . In 2002, the HDA commissioned the Centre for Arts and Humanities in Health and Medicine ( CAHHM ) to reexamine and measure community-based humanistic disciplines in wellness ‘ . While mental-health was non specifically addressed, the study criticised rating, quantitative evidence,5 sample sizes and highlighted disagreements between healer purposes and medical outlooks, proposing that in future undertakings ; ‘ †¦ .all parties clarify their purposes, premises and demands ‘ . It was non until 2004, when a study by Rosalia Staricoff mentioning 364 documents was published, that a specific literature reappraisal described how single modes of art can profit mental illness.6 She concluded that engagement with art improves self look, creativeness, self-esteem, stress degrees and communicating between service users, their households and the suppliers. It was besides fresh for this type of reappraisal that she offered some medical accounts for the betterments, largely in footings of physiological impact. Sing the unfavorable judgments sing research methodological analysis discussed therefore far, it might be expected to happen a figure of randomized controlled, robust surveies published within the last five old ages. While this reappraisal found many little undertakings and mental wellness anecdotes in reappraisal documents, merely one quantitative survey, published in a scientific research diary was identified. In 2007, 30 patients having chemotherapy who were assigned to a H2O painting category, had significantly reduced ( p=0.021 ) depressive symptoms compared to those assigned to no activity.7 More late ( 2007 ) , the Humanistic disciplines Council produced an extended papers sing art for wellness, which included mental health. You read "Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"8 While it included elaborate information on instance surveies and good pattern, it was light on robust decisions of clinical and curative results, with one major exclusion. Singing for the encephalon demonstrated the important curative benefits singing has upon memory, depression and physical well-being in dementedness sufferers.9 In 2008, an 18-month rural undertaking placed creative persons in Cornish GP patterns to work with mental wellness patients ( Figure 1 ) . While the qualitative result steps were positive ( e.g. patient feedback ) , 10 it is interesting to observe how local consumption of this free enterprise ( 8.6 % ) reflects my planetary observations. Figure 1: Users mosaic displayed in Falmouth surgery. A recent survey ( 2010 ) investigated the significance of art to service users. It made the interesting remark that therapy creates distance from the ‘ †¦ †¦ .perceived subjugation of statutory service suppliers ‘ , 11 helping recovery. While many of the publications discussed are promoting, when the grounds is scrutinised to the same grade as a scientific diary, the field is characterised by good recognised jobs ; subjective nature, little sample sizes, inconsistent or neglected validated rating methodologies.12 Personal Experience In November 2010, Arts for Health Cornwall and Isle of Scilly ( AFHC ) commissioned four creative persons to run a 12-month undertaking, Arts response, with purposes to ; ‘ †¦ supply meaningful originative activity chances in community scenes targeted at grownups with mental wellness jobs ‘ . The group I attended consisted of one enthusiastic creative person and seven members who had attended similar strategies in recent old ages or were straight referred by their GP. In a really informal mode, we were encouraged to draw/etch our studies into froth to make printed cards ( Figure 2 ) . The general criterion was much higher than my personal creative activities below demonstrate! Figure 2. My print and cards. This was the 3rd of the group ‘s two-hour Sessionss and what first struck me was how good they had bonded. One lady, for illustration, was absent and they called to look into how she was. Another lady was late ; she had been sing a group member who was holding a ‘bipolar low ‘ , converting her to reach her GP. Finally, after the session they all went for a societal drink. While the benefits of socialization, communicating and originative battle were clear, the proviso of relationships appeared to even supply a potentially robust safety cyberspace. One lady commented on how she had no avocations before go toing a similar group antecedently. From the experience art had grown into an of import portion of her life, she sold her foremost painting last hebdomad, hiking her assurance. Finding added intent and flight from hopelessness has frequently been reported from humanistic disciplines participation.13 The creative person commented that the group was diffident and loath to prosecute ab initio. During this session I could see how single assurance grew with each print success and group encouragement, taking to more proficient and luxuriant designs. I needed to reflect upon how I might derive my coveted consistent, touchable consequences. One lady commented how leery she was that inside informations would be fed back to her surgery, taking me to reason that merely the creative person is in a place to justice consequences. This, nevertheless, would necessarily conflict with their purpose of making a relaxing, stress-free environment, be intrusive and impact their credibleness. From this I realised why so few undertakings offer inquirers during undertakings, allow entirely elaborate mental wellness evaluation graduated tables. It was evident that this type of category succeeds or fails with the creative person. The undertakings must be designed to win with limited participant accomplishment, yet contain the flexibleness to stretch creativeness. By their dependance upon artist creativeness, it seems impossible that undertakings can of all time be standardised. Concluding Contemplation and hereafter So what have I learned from this experience? While my literature reappraisal highlighted promising grounds ( e.g. singing in dementedness ) , 9 it failed to supply the grounds necessary to convert me that art has a mainstream function in the intervention of mental wellness. Under certain fortunes, nevertheless, exposure to art is contributing to wellness and healing and hence decidedly has a healthcare function. How to measure art strategies to a degree perceived as convincing to mainstream medical specialty is an country of much argument. From my experience, nevertheless, I believe we can ne’er standardize, randomize or placebo control this type of health care. As a effect I can non forsee a clip where we can robustly reply the inquiry, does art intercession work? My experience, nevertheless, allowed me to see the possible benefits, which as a GP I would enthusiastically back and use any local undertakings. Engagement in the procedure has changed many of my preconceived positions. There will ever be a group of persons who ‘modern medical specialty ‘ fails to assist and I think mental wellness is one country which is typified by this thought. The art intercession I witnessed impressed upon me that complementary attacks to wellness can assist in domains frequently ill represented by traditional ‘medical ‘ theoretical accounts of health care ( assurance, self-esteem, communicating ) . Rather than beliing the medical theoretical account, such attacks compliment the thought of handling the emotional and religious demands of the individual holistically. The literature reappraisal and personal contemplation besides highlighted the deficiency of apprehension of what art and wellness involves, particularly by clinicians who are frequently determination shapers and fund holders. In this epoch of asceticism undertakings will be expected to ‘deliver ‘ . With the benefit of experience I now judge an one-year strategy cost-efficient at A ; lb ; 5,000 ( less than A ; lb ; 60/hour ) , 14 nevertheless, I am concerned that many art-based undertakings will happen it impossible to make the sensed holy grail of supplying justifiable consequences and their support watercourses could easy be squeezed without an grasp of their benefit and an apprehension of the ‘results ‘ This hazards marginalizing vulnerable groups who are frequently ill represented by traditional medical specialty. How to cite Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Longinus, like Horace, takes a pragmatic position in his literary theory Essay Example For Students

Longinus, like Horace, takes a pragmatic position in his literary theory Essay Longinus, like Horace, takes a pragmatic position in his literary theory. His central question is, what is good writing, and how may it be achieved? His first answer is that good writing partakes of what he calls the sublime. In the classical historical tradition, the sublime implies that man can, in emotions and in language; transcend the limits of the human condition. According to Longinus sublime is a blend of art and nature. Sublimity consists of excellence and distinction in expression. The effect of elevated language is not to persuade others but to entrance them. The effect of persuading the audience is on the artists hand. Irresistible force and mastery as well as the control of the hearer should be all in the poets sphere. In Longinus words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a well timed stroke of sublimity scatters everything before it like a thunderbolt, and in a flash reveals the full power of the speaker. An excellent work will uplift our soul. It feels as if the work of art is of our own c reation. Longinus first brings out the defects some poets tend to make when they write poetry. He advice poets to avoid such imperfections like tumidity Pompous style, puerility silly and parenthyrsus misplaces emotions. Tumidity means pomposity in style of writing. He accuses many poets like Gorgias, Callisthenes and Amphicrates for using high flown expressions and confused imagery such as Xerxes the Zeus of the Persians or vultures, animated sepulchers . Puerility is another flaw of poets. This makes the poets write in an ignoble way. There is another mistake some poets make which is parenthyrsus or false sentiment. Writers sometimes get carried away by plots and outbursts of emotions which are not relevant to the matter in hand. Longinus goes on to identify five elements of the sublime: 1 the power of forming great conceptions; 2 vehement and inspired passion; 3 the due formation of figures; 4 noble diction; 5 dignified and elevated composition. He recognizes great art by the presence of great ideas; great ideas, in turn, are conceived of by great men: It is not possible that men with mean and servile ideas and aims prevailing throughout their lives should produce anything that is admirable and worthy of immortality. Great accents we expect to fall from the lips of those whose thoughts are deep and grave. These great men capable of great ideas will also be capable of deep and sincere feeling which transcends the overemotional sentiments of parenthyrsus. The vehement and inspired passion required for the sublime will, like great ideas, spring only from those without mean and servile ideas. The due formation of figures concerns those ways in which elevated thought and feeling may be best expressed: a figure is at its best when the very fact that it is a figure escapes attention. Noble language is that which transports the audience without distracting the audience: it is language which is transparent to the transcendentto  borrow one of Joseph Campbells favorite phrases. Dignified and elevated composition is that which forms important elements into a natural unity. As stated by Longinus good ideas are a mirror image of a good soul. If the mind is corrupted and unprincipled one can not create beautiful art. Such work will not be eternalized. For great ideas Longinus brings out extracts from Homers Iliad. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the silence of Ajax in the Calling Up of the Spirits is grand, more sublime than any words. Such good words will be immortalized for ever and Longinus also says he respect Homer for the heroism used in his epics. But he criticizes Homer for creating gods with human defects. Longinus also recognizes when a writer becomes mature in age he tends to lose the spirit of exuberance. In Odyssey Homer has a tendency to bring folks tales into his poetry. Longinus compares Homers late period to the setting sun. Longinus states that both Sappho and Homer used only what they need in a plot which bring out emotions that is important for their work. Longinus studies the devices enhanced by some poets. As worded by Longinus Demosthenes is compared to a thunderbolt, Cicero is like a wide spreading conflagration that rolls on to consume everything far and wide and Plato flows with such a noiseless stream, he none the less achieves grandeur. Twelfth Night Analysis EssayAccording to an internet source Longinus seems to fit squarely into the critical school described by T.S. Eliots Tradition and the Individual Talent. He recommends, as a way to the sublime, the imitation and emulation of previous great poets and writers a move which puts him more clearly into alignment with the Aristotelian view of poetry as an object-in-itself than to the Platonic view of poetryand any other mimetic artas 3x removed from reality. He treats poetry as an agonistic processanticipating Blooms anxiety of influencespeaking of Plato struggling with Homer for the primacy. The poet, in evaluating his work, should ask How would Homer and the other greats have expressed this or that matter? What would they think of my work? How will succeeding ages view my work?

Measuring Similarity in Business Process Models †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Measuring Similarity in Business Process Models. Answer: Introduction Agile software developments provides set of principles that can be adopted to develop a software by continuous improvements, adaptive planning and flexible to changes in user requirements managementq (Leau et al. 2012). The importance of agile methods is becoming more because of the flaws in the traditional methods of software development. In an agile method, user stories are considered to be the most used and important requirement model. Good user stories should be independent, valuable, negotiable, small, estimable as well as testable. This report discusses about the role that the models of business process play in order to understand the user stories dependencies in a better manner. This report gives a brief overview of user story dependencies. It also discusses about how the user stories are integrated with the business process models. The research model and research methodologies that are used in the literature reviews are also discussed in this report. This report points out the findings and results regarding user the role of business process for better understanding of user dependencies. This report gives details about the issues and future works based on this report. User story can be defined as a statement describing what the system is required to do for satisfying the needs of the user (Trkman, Mendling and Krisper 2016). A general template can be used for developing user story. The goal of this user story is to collect and store short notices regarding the functions that are desired for a system (Landhuer and Genaid 2012). Software project domain can be understood in a correct way only by getting a proper insight into the dependencies between the user stories. User stories can be speculated when previous domain knowledge is insufficient. The user stories cannot itself depict the order of execution as well as integration dependencies due to three characteristics that are mentioned as follows: The functional names that are given to the user stories can be used for referring various abstraction levels. Tacit as well as explicit knowledge sources can be used by the development team in order to gain information regarding dependencies that exist among various user stories. Product owner is the tacit knowledge source in Scrum. The product owner in this case has the responsibility for managing the requirements of the customer. The conceptual models on the other hand have the capability to capture knowledge that is explicit in nature. This helps in promoting the understanding regarding application domain as well as requirements. It also helps in promoting the understanding about the dependencies that exist between those requirements. There are several solutions that can be used for building a base for explicit knowledge. Use case diagrams and data flow diagrams can be used for this purpose. Story mapping approach can be used for understanding the user scenarios. Big stories can be sliced into small stories but the effectiveness of these techniques and proposals are missing on a large sca le management. Integration of User stories and Business Process Models Business domains can be understood by business processes. Business process models are conceptual models that are widely used for the purpose of capturing the working of businesses and to understand how value creation takes place for various business stakeholders. Business process modeling plays a significant role in the decision making process of design and analysis of enterprise systems as well as workflow operations. BPMN is a standard notation that can be used for the purpose of modeling of business processes. According to Trkman, Mendling and Krisper (2016), one main agile principle states that advantages of the present documentation of the organization must be taken and therefore they have focused on exploiting the present business process models that are of higher level. The methods of software development can be customized as per the needs of projects or organizations by an approach called method engineering. Existing methods can be adapted for carrying out a specific project by using an approach called situational method engineering. a method called process configuration is used where configuration of the new project can be done by extending base methods. Base methods consist of all instructions regarding handling of various projects. When a new project consists of specific characteristics that cannot be treated in a correct manner by the variations that are present in the base method then a new variation is entered or added. The name of the proposed method is BuPUS. This method has two components called base method and a method that is project specific. According to Jaqueira et al. (2013), the user stories can be viewed by business or i* models in a better, simpler and easier way. When user stories are mapped then the role in the user story is map ped to the actor in i* model, action in the user story is mapped to the task in i* model and the goal in the user story is mapped to the goal in i* model. According to Trkman, Mendling and Krisper (2016), base method is responsible for creating clauses of user stories. The user roles are also defined here. User story has two main components called user functionality and roles. A business process has the ability to integrate information regarding the needs of the project and organization. Research Models As stated by Trkman, Mendling and Krisper (2016), there are two factors that have a strong influence on the understanding of user stories dependencies. These two factors are association factor and representation factor of the application domain. Two materials are used for representing the application domain. One of them is BuPUS script and the other one is any of the three levels of granularity called level 1, 2 or 3 (Liskin et al. 2014). The association factor deals with the granularity level. There are two proposition presented. The first proposition is focused on understanding the dependencies of the execution order that exist among the user stories. The second proposition is focused on integrating the dependencies that exist among the user stories. There are three granularity levels called H1, H2 and H3 in proposition 1 and there are H4, H5 and H6 in proposition 2. According to Ziauddin and Zia (2012), story size is an estimation of work scale that depends on the effort of actual development. The user stories are given values based on the size of the user stories. According to Jaqueira et al. (2013), visual models of business processes are helpful in understanding the needs of the users. The proposed solutions can be effectively understood by the stakeholders by using the business process models. The i* models represents the requirements in a graph so that the user stories can be visualized. This facilitates access to the requirements and improves the process of visualization thus improving the process of decision making. Research Methods Empirical evaluations of the techniques of conceptual modeling are done by Wands framework. The user stories and BuPUS grammar are compared. The effectiveness of the products was measured using several tests like comprehension, recall and problem solving tests. The efficiency of the products was also assessed by using questions in order to measure the usefulness that is perceived. Various pilot experiments were conducted for testing the performance of subject. The pilot phase made use of questionnaire that could be completed within 50 minutes. Two workbooks had been created. The first workbook consisted of the business process models that are associated with the stories of the user. The second workbook consisted of a list of stories of the users that are available. The data that had been collected from the unguided and guided treatments were treated in an independent manner. Trkman, Mendling and Krisper (2016) conducted an experiment were they had considered 127 under graduate studen ts as their subject. These students belonged to one of the seven classes in the Vienna University. Students who were aware of the business process modeling found it very simple to understand the concept of user stories (Van Dongen, Dijkman and Mendling 2013). This experiment did not require experts in agile development or BPMN models. These students were given knowledge about INVEST qualities. They were also asked questions regarding gender, age, nationality and knowledge regarding English language. There were 41 females and 85 males. The problem solving test included two questions where one focused on understanding of execution order and the other on integration dependencies. A topic of account management was selected that included 24 number of business process models. Two models were selected. Mahnic (2012) designed a course for teaching Scrum in the real world by augmenting Scrum methods with the user stories. Comparison between actual and estimated effort is found out by Mahnic (2012). Cost estimation techniques were used (Ziauddin and Zia 2012). This paper gave an overview of development of agile software. They determined the effort and agile velocity. Trkman, Mendling and Krisper (2016) provided support for the six hypotheses. The first three hypotheses focused on the dependencies of the execution order. It was found out that the business process models along with the user stories were able to improve the understanding level of the dependencies of the execution order. It was also found out that the size of the effect is large. It was demonstrated that the element of sequence flow that were used in the business process models had offered valuable or sensitive information. The last three hypotheses were aimed to understand the dependencies of integration that existed among the user stories. A statistic report supported that the results had various size of effects. This research helped to contribute in software engineering. The agile principle suggested reusing the existing documents. Problems and Issues According to Trkman, Mendling and Krisper (2016), one major problem that is addressed is regarding the management of user stories of the projects. The problem arises when the context of a user story is missing. This problem could be solved by reusing present business process model for getting information about dependencies. There can be issues when the role of a Scrum master is combined with that of a product owner (Mahnic 2012). According to Jaqueira et al. (2013), the main issues were limitation of software context as well as dependencies of the stories. One of the major challenges is the limited documentation present in agile development. Advanced tools can be developed for the purpose of transforming the user stories. Researchers are planning to develop a tool for automating the mapping process of user stories for the i* model (Jaqueira et al. 2013). Researchers are also trying to identify as well as treat the connections and relationships between tasks. The guidelines are also being developed for performing mapping from i* model to the users stories. The future iterations are trying to be made more realistic by scrum. Conclusion This report concluded that business process models can be used for understanding the user stories in a better manner. This report gave an overview of user stories dependencies. It said that user story can be defined as a statement describing what the system is required to do for satisfying the needs of the user. This report explained about the integration between business process models and user stories. It said that business process models are conceptual models that are widely used for the purpose of capturing the working of businesses and to understand how value creation takes place for various business stakeholders. It pointed out that base method is responsible for creating clauses of user stories. The user roles were also defined here. User story has two main components called user functionality and roles. This report discussed about the research methods and said that the user stories and BuPUS grammar were compared. It found out that the effectiveness of the products was measur ed using several tests like comprehension, recall and problem solving tests. This report also provided support for the six hypotheses. The first three hypotheses focused on the dependencies of the execution order. It was found out that the business process models along with the user stories were able to improve the understanding level of the dependencies of the execution order. The problems and the future related works have also been discussed in this report. References Jaqueira, A., Lucena, M., Alencar, F.M., Castro, J. and Aranha, E., 2013. Using i* Models to Enrich User Stories.iStar,13, pp.55-60. Mahnic, V., 2012. A capstone course on agile software development using Scrum.IEEE Transactions on Education,55(1), pp.99-106. Trkman, M., Mendling, J. and Krisper, M., 2016. Using business process models to better understand the dependencies among user stories.Information and Software Technology,71, pp.58-76. Van Dongen, B., Dijkman, R. and Mendling, J., 2013. Measuring similarity between business process models. InSeminal Contributions to Information Systems Engineering(pp. 405-419). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ziauddin, S.K.T. and Zia, S., 2012. An effort estimation model for agile software development.Advances in computer science and its applications (ACSA),314, pp.314-324. Leau, Y.B., Loo, W.K., Tham, W.Y. and Tan, S.F., 2012. Software development life cycle AGILE vs traditional approaches. InInternational Conference on Information and Network Technology(Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 162-167). Landhuer, M. and Genaid, A., 2012, June. Connecting user stories and code for test development. InProceedings of the Third International Workshop on Recommendation Systems for Software Engineering(pp. 33-37). IEEE Press. Liskin, O., Pham, R., Kiesling, S. and Schneider, K., 2014, May. Why we need a granularity concept for user stories. InInternational Conference on Agile Software Development(pp. 110-125). Springer, Cham.